- 1. What are hogs kept for 2. What systems of keeping hogs do you know 3. How can we make sows take more exercise
- 6. For how many years may a prolific sow be kept for breeding 7. What gland should the weakest pig be put to at birth
- Which period in a pig’s life is most critical At what age do young pigs begin to eat solid food How is weaning done
- What conditions should be provided in a piggery
- 1. What are sheep reared for in England 2. What is the main purpose of keeping sheep in Australia
- 5. When is it necessary to provide the sheep with hay or maize 6. What kind of rams should be chosen for breeding purposes
- What are lowground sheep kept for What feed are pregnant ewes fed during the early part of thepregnancy period
- 5. In which case will the sheep eat fresh and clean grass all the time 6. What additional feeding are lowground sheep provided with
- How may lambs be fed if pasture grasses are poor When do lambs begin to eat solid feeds
- IV. Прочтите текст. Ответьте по-русски на вопрос: Какой корм является основным для баранов
Учебник Маслова часть 2. Методические разработки на английском языке по курсу животноводство
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МОСКОВСКАЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ имени К. А. ТИМИРЯЗЕВА  Кафедра иностранных языковМЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РАЗРАБОТКИ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО КУРСУ «ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВО» ЧАСТЬ II МОСКВА — 1982 Г.В.Маслова А.П.Зинченко Составитель: Методические разработки утверждены на заседании методической комиссии экономического факультета. Протокол № 5 от 26 апреля 1982 года. Председатель комиссии LESSON 12 ТЕМА: HOG MANAGEMENT ГРАММАТИКА: ЛЕКСИКА
I. Слова и выражения для повторения. hog, hog breeding, hog breeder, pig, animal husbandry, fibre, wheat, rye, pigsty, exercise, water supply, gestation, to wean, livestock, sire, breeding season, breeding condition, fat, to mate, in order to, unlike, pregnant, properly, one II. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарем. 1. favourable, unfavourable, to favour
III. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на сложное дополнение. 1. We know this breed very well. 2. We know this breed to be very productive. 3. The farmer wants to see the veterinarian.4. The farmer wants the veterinarian to see his cows. 5. They expect some new calves. 6. They expect the new calves to develop well. 7. I want to see his farm. 8. I want you to see his farm. - 1 - HOG MANAGEMENTHog breeding is known to be a very important branch of animal husbandry. Hogs are bred for the production of bacon and pork. Best pork breeds of pigs produce pork at 4 to 5 months and bacon breeds at 6 to 7.5 months. Unlike the other farm animals hogs are rapid-growing ones. Hogs mау be kept under the outdoor system, that is, on pasture, under the indoor system, that is, in pigsties or a combination of both. The hogbreeders consider the last system to be the most effective one. The best place for keeping the pregnant sow or gilt is a pasture lot provided with a shelter to protect her from unfavourable weather. Every hogman knows exercise to be very important for sows. Locating the feed and water supply some distance from the shelter will make her take more exercise. Feed pregnant sows properly, for sows in thin condition will produce weak litters. Several days before farrowing the pregnant sow should be put in the farrowing pen. Some farmers are known to place sows in the farrowing pen just before farrowing in order not to restrict her exercise. It is known that the sow and her litter are usually kept in-doors, where it is easier to provide the necessary care. Hogbreeders want their sows to be healthy and prolific. Prolificacy and early maturity are highly important biological characters of hogs. If a sow is prolific and a good mother, she may be kept for breeding up to 5 years or longer. The gestation period in sows lasting about 16 weeks, the sow may farrow twice a year. Weaning usually takes place 7 or 8 weeks after farrowing. - 2 - During the suckling period young pigs suck the same teat until they are weaned. That is why the smallest and the weakest pig in the litter should be put at birth to the gland that secretes most milk. As to the selection of the boar it is not less important than that of the sow. The boar should be managed so that he always be in thrifty condition. Neither an over-fat boar nor a half-starved one is a satisfactory sire. Two weeks before the breeding season and during it the boar should be fed enough grain in addition to pasture to keep him in good breeding condition but not enough to make him fat. Grains may be fed either whole or ground. That the boar needs plenty of exercise is known to every breeder. Young boars in their first season of service are mated to a maximum of about five females a week and 20 or 30in the season, depending on the vigour, temperament, and other factors. Boars should not be used for breeding until they are about 10 months old. Young boars should be used as sparingly as possible, for excessive use may be the cause of small and weak litters. Пояснения к тексту 1. under ... system (conditions)- при ... системе, в… условиях 2. Pregnant sow - супоросная свинья 3. Thin condition - истощенное состояние 4. Farrowing pen - клеть (закута) для опороса 5. Suckling period - подсосный период 6. Half-starved - полуистощенный - 3 - Запомните That is— то есть Sо that - так, чтобы That is why - вот почему; поэтому Neither ... nor - ни ... ни Активные слова и выражения sow, a pregnant sow, boar, to farrow, farrowing pen, litter, prolific, service, female, suckling period, to grind (ground), weak, teat, that, that is, sо that, that is why, neither ... nor, prolificacy, early maturity IV. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части. 1. Shelter a. are kept for breeding for 5 years and more. 2. Pregnant sows b. are first used at the age of 10 months. 3. Prolific sows c. is shorter than in other farm animals. 4. The gestation period in sows d. should be provided on pasture. 5. Young boars e. may be the result of the excessive use of young boars. 6. Small, weak litters f. should take much exercise. V. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами: prolific litters, farrowing pens, suckling period, boar, pigsties 1. In winter sows and their ... are kept in... . 2. Pregnant sows are put into ... ... some days before farrowing. 3. During the breeding season the ... should be given some grain. 4. Unlike the other farm animals sows are highly... . 5. The ... ... in sows lasts about two months. - 4 - VI. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на сложное дополнение. 1. The farmer wants you to see his new pigsty. 2. We know corn to grow well in that region. 3. They expect this sow to produce a large litter. 4. We know cattle to be classified into dairy cattle and beef cattle. 5. They have found this method of fattening to be most effective. 6. The farmers want the zoo technician to see their animals. VII. Определите функцию инфинитива; переведите. 1. To produce a large litter a gilt should not be bred until she is 9 months old. 2. The sow is known to be placed in a farrowing pen two weeks before she is to farrow. 3. To keep hogs on pasture is very important. 4. The sow to farrow should be washed thoroughly. 5. The quantity of grain to be fed to the boars varies with his condition. 6. Our first task is to increase the agricultural production. 7. The farmer wants his pigsty to be cleaned to-day. VIII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на различные значения слова "that". 1. The sow that is in thin condition will produce a small, weak litter. That is why the breeders should feed and care for the sows properly. 2. We know that he is a good veterinarian. 3. Their breed of boars is better than that of sows. 4. That experiment was conducted at our Experimental Station. 5. That the pigsties should be clean, dry and warm is known to all hog-men. 6. The zoo technicians must maintain sanitary conditions in pigsties so that the animals grow and develop properly. 7. We need a highly prolific sow, that is, a sow that will produce 12 or more pigs in a litter. - 5 - IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на парные союзы. 1. Prolificacy varies with both the breed of the sow and her age. 2. Neither a cowshed nor a pigsty were cleaned yesterday. 3. This pregnant sow will be examined by the veterinarian either today or tomorrow. 4. The more exercise the boar takes the more vigorous he will be during the breeding season. 5. Exercise for the boar is as important as for the sow. 6. The milk yield this month is not so high as it was last month. X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What are hogs kept for? 2. What systems of keeping hogs do you know? 3. How can we make sows take more exercise? 4. Where should the sow be placed some days before farrowing? 5. Why is it better to keep the sow and her litter indoors? 6. For how many years may a prolific sow be kept for breeding? 7. What gland should the weakest pig be put to at birth? 8. How should the boar be fed before and during the breeding season? 9. When should young boars be used for the first time? XI. Переведите на английский язык. а) свиноводство, свиновод, свиноматка, супоросная свинья, хряк, опорос, закута для опороса, помет, плодовитая свинья, подсосный период, случка, ни ... ни, то есть, вот почему б) 1. Мы хотим, чтобы свиноматки давали большие пометы. 2. Плодовитые свиньи используются для разведения пять или более лет. 3. Супоросных свиней содержат на пастбище. 4. В отличие от коров, свиноматки очень плодовиты. -6- в) I. Свиньи сального типа, как известно, менее плодовиты, чем свиньи беконного типа. 2. Свиноводы знают, что содержание свиней даже на хороших пастбищах не обеспечивает их потребности в питательных веществах 3. Поэтому животных подкармливают или концентрированными кормами, или силосом. 4. В подсосный период поросята быстро растут, при условии, если им дают все необходимые питательные и минеральные вещества. 5. Качество свинины изменяется в зависимости от возраста, породных особенностей животных, а также от вида корма. XII. Прочтите текст и изложите кратко его содержание по-русски (по-английски). Fattening Hogs Unlike the other farm animals hogs grow and develop rapidly, provided they are fed and managed properly. Hogs may be fattened in less than 6 months. That is why during one year one may fatten two generations of hogs. The ration of hogs usually consists of concentrated feeds with small amounts of roughage. Roughages are high in fibre that is poorly digestible. Pasture is very important for hogs. Hogs being on good pasture, less grain and other feeds are required to fatten them. Corn is widely used as a fattening feed throughout the United States. Wheat, good-quality barley, sorghum or rye is fed to hogs as well. Corm may not be ground for hogs, other grains are usually ground coarsely. Like other livestock hogs should have salt and water at all time. Certain antibiotics are used for fattening hogs. They are known to increase the rate of gain as much as 30 per cent or more during the period from weaning to 75 Ib.* in weight. *lb. - pound -7- LESSON 13 ТЕМА: CARE OF PIGS ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:
I. Слова и выражения для повторения. to eat, age, corn, oats, pen, live weight, to require, balanced ration, provided, nutritious, alfalfa, clover, grazing, forage, to clean, udder, to allow, to develop, health II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов: sanitation, parasite, symptom, cultivation, operation, bacteria, limit, continental, practical, technical, export III. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие оборот "for+ существительное + инфинитив". Запомните, что в таком обороте предлог "for" имеет значение "чтобы". 1. For the sow to be healthy she should be fed and cared for properly. 2. We have the necessary conditions for the animals to grow rapidly. 3. For the boar to be in thrifty condition he should be given enough grain in his rations. 4. For the weakest pig to develop normally it should be put to the teat that secretes most milk. - 8 - care of pigs The first week of a pig's life is known to be especially critical. During this period due temperature, ventilation and sanitation in the pen are most important. Sometimes it is advisable to put newborn pigs in a warm place and bring them to their mother every two hours. In four or six hours they may be left with their mother. Young pigs begin eating solid food at the age of 3 to 4 weeks. At this age they are known to be fed a thin slop of milk, wheat middlings and oatmeal. As they get older they may be fed soaked shelled corn. The feed is usually given to them in a separate enclosure known as a creep. Due to the creep feeding little pigs may be fed the best feed. Weaning pigs is usually done at 6 or 8 weeks of age. The best practice is to remove the sow from the pen, leaving the piglings in familiar surroundings. During the period of weaning the ration should be palatable and nutritious. More than 600 pounds of a balanced ration is required in feeding a pig from its weaning until it has a live weight of about 200 pounds. Some hogmen are known to raise pigs entirely on grain. For such pigs to develop normally a mineral supplement should be provided. The mixture that is generally satisfactory includes equal parts of steamed bone meal, ground limestone and common salt. Young pigs require more iron and copper than is supplied in the sow's milk. That is why they eat some turf and soil. Pigs on good pasture require 10 to 15 per cent less feed than those raised without pasture. Pigs being kept on pasture, one of the main tasks of the hogbreeder is to prevent diseases and parasites. - 9 - This is achieved best of all by using portable houses and by dividing the pasture into many plots. Provided that portable houses and temporary fences are used, the grazing should be large enough to provide forage for two or three weeks. Then the pigs are moved to a new plot. Thus, the rotational grazing is known to be one of the best ways to prevent diseases and control parasites. For pigs to develop normally due conditions in the piggery should be provided. The bedding ought to be short not to irritate the udder of the sow and to allow the pigs to move freely. To prevent infection the piggery should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Rapid growth of pigs is due to both the proper feeding and the sanitary conditions in the piggery. Пояснения к тексту 1. a thin slop of ... -жидкая кашица из... 2. steamed hone meal - выпаренная костяная мука 3. provided that - при условии, если Запомните: due - должный, соответствующий due to - благодаря, из-за, вследствие to be due to-обусловливаться, объясняться Активные слова и выражения enclosure, creep, disease, fence, to move, to control, piggery, palatable, due, due to, to be due to IV. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части. 1. When pigs are on pasture a. is given to pigs raised on grain. 2. Rotational grazing b. of removing the sow from the pigs. 3. A mineral supplement c. is to be short. 4. Weaning is the process d. is good to control parasites. 5. During weaning e. less feed is required, 6. The bedding in the piggery f. for young pigs. 7. Creeps are organized g. pigs should be fed palatable and nutritious feeds. V. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами: а piggery, newborn pigs, a creep, diseases, due to, palatable 1. Only mother's milk is needed to … … . 2. The temperature in ... should be 18ºC. 5. The feed of newly weaned pigs is to be both ... and nutritious. 4. Our main aim is to control ... and parasites. 5. All young animals are usually fed in... . 6. Weak pigs have become vigorous… …proper care and feeding. VI. В приведенных примерах имеются два типа инфинитивных оборотов, близких по смыслу. Определите их; переведите предложения. 1. Tо develop well pigs should be fed properly. 2. For pigs to develop well they should be fed properly. 3. To make the sow take more exercise place the feed some distance from the shelter. 4. We must place the feed some distance from the shelter for the sow to take more exercise. 5. For the boar to be in thrifty condition due feeding and much exercise are to bе provided. 6. To be in thrifty condition the boar is to take much exercise. VII. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова. 1. The milk yields have been increased due to feeding nutritious feeds. 2. The increase in the milk yields was due to feeding nutritious feeds. 3. Corn is widely used for fattening hogs due to its high feeding value and palatability. 4. Due attention should be paid to the sanitary conditions in the piggery. - 10 - - 11 - VIII. Ответьте на вопросы:
IX. Переведите на английский язык. а) болезнь, временная изгородь, предупреждать болезнь, бороться с болезнью, свинарник, загороженное место, столовая, соответствующий, вкусный корм, благодаря б) I. Маленьких поросят кормят в столовой. 2. Благодаря такому кормлению они растут и развиваются хорошо. 3. Эта свиноматка даст хороший помет. 4. Чтобы этот хряк был хорошим производителем в следующем сезоне, соответствующий уход и кормление должны быть обеспечены для него. в) I. Значение свиноводства для увеличения производства мяса обусловливается биологическими особенностями свиней. 2. Благодаря высокой плодовитости и скороспелости свиней, можно получать двадцать и более центнеров свинины от каждой свиноматки. 3. В отличие от говядины, в свинине содержится меньше воды и больше жира. 4. Чтобы свиноводы получали быстрые привесы, они должны кормить поросят только легко усвояемыми и вкусными кормами. 5. Чтобы прекратить лактацию, рацион свиноматки уменьшают на 25-30%, исключая из него сочные корма. - 12 - X. Прочтите текст, найдите в нем описание свинарника. Systems of Keeping Pigs There are two main systems of keeping pigs, the indoor system and the outdoor one. Pigs kept under the indoor system require more vitamins and minerals than those kept under the outdoor system. For pigs to grow rapidly due conditions in a piggery should be provided. The temperature should be not less than 16-21*C°. The humidity** should not be higher than 70%. The floor*** of the piggery should be warm. If it is not warm, it should be bedded. When pigs are kept on pasture in summer they grow and develop well. Green grass is high in vitamins and minerals required by the animals. Pigs on pasture take plenty of exercise, which is very essential for their health. The best pasture grasses are alfalfa and clover. The animals should be given some concentrates, silage or root crops in addition to pasture, even if pastures are good. To make rapid gains pigs must be fed liberally from birth onwards. Their rations are to be properly balanced with protein, minerals and vitamins. It is very important to control diseases and parasites when pigs are kept on pasture. This is done by rotational grazing. *5ºC = five degrees Centigrade - 5 градусов по Цельсию **humidity - влажность *** floor - пол - 13 - Повторение темы "HOGS" I. Переведите следующий текст (без подготовки) Sow In selecting sows and boars for the breeding herd it is best to take individuals from large litters. By selecting sows and boars from stock that is known to be prolific, the farmer can maintain a productive breeding herd. Pregnant sows should be kept in good condition but, not fat. Pasture grass that is rich in protein and essential minerals is ideal for pregnant sows. If good pasture is not available, grain or other protein-concentrated feed may be used to provide a balanced ration. A mineral supplement is often good for sows and pigs. Sows tending to fatten excessively, the hog raiser should feed them low - energy ration. Sows are usually placed in farrowing pens a few days before the pigs are born. The farrowing pens should be clean, dry and well ventilated. If farrowing takes place in very cold weather the sows and pigs need additional care and protection. After the pigs are a day old the sow needs a small amount of feed and plenty of water. The feeding should be increased gradually for several days until the sow is on full feed. II. Прочтите текст и ответьте по-английски (по-русски) на следующие вопросы: a) How can less fat pigs be produced? b) Why is it important to add antibiotics to hog feeds? c) What is hogging off? Raising Hogs Good pigs managed and fed properly require less than 3 pounds of feed per pound of gain during the fattening period, and 4 to 5 pounds of feed will be used per pound of gain during the period just before marketing. Grains are mainly used in the ration. To produce less fat pigs should be marketed at weights of 200 pounds or less. Breeds of pigs of bacon types should be used; low-energy rations should be fed during the 120-200 pound stage. Hogs like root crops but these crops should not be used alone*. Better results are usually obtained by feeding small quantities of the root crops with grain and legume forage or by using alfalfa as the main feed. Antibiotics are sometimes added to the feeds of hogs and other livestock to control harmful bacteria and other organisms that may interfere** with the growth of the animals. In this way more economical gains and better growth are obtained. One economical way to harvest*** corn is to turn hogs into the field. This method of harvesting corn is known as "hogging off". Small fenced fields are best for this system. Temporary fences may be used to divide large fields into smaller areas so that the hogs may use them better. Soybeans planted with corn are a good source of protein. III Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его. The period from birth to 75 pounds in weight is the most critical one in the pig's life. That is why after weaning it is necessary to continue to feed the pigs a good balanced ration. Pigs should not be weaned until they are eight weeks of age. At weaning time they should weigh 35 to 40 pounds or more. For a few days before weaning the ration of the sow should be reduced to decrease her milk flow. Then the sow is taken away from the pen, the pigs being left in their familiar surroundings. The hog breeder should feed the pigs liberally to obtain rapid gains. Palatable and digestible feeds such as barley and corn grain, oats meal, clover or alfalfa grass must be supplied. Concentrated and other feeds should be ground. The quality of grinding should be carefully tested*, as fine grinding increases the digestibility of feed. *alone - один, одни ** interfere with - мешать, препятствовать ***harvest - убирать *avoid – избегать -15- - 14 - LESSON 14 ТЕМА: MOUNTAIN SHEEP ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:
I. Слова и выражения для повторения. Sheep, management, valuable, to grow, to supply, hay, healthy, vigorous, purebred, grain, in the fall, to keep, thrifty condition, unless, supplementary, breeding condition *test- проверять II. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и переведите их, не пользуясь словарём. 1. to protect, protected, protecting, protective, protection, protector 2. care, to care, careful, careless, carefully 3. to move, movement, moving, movable, unmovable - 16 - III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на; seem >по - видимому, вероятно is likely is unlikely - вряд ли 1. The balanced ration is likely to supply all the necessary nutrients to the animals. 2. These pigs seem to require more vitamins. 3. This cow is unlikely to produce more milk. 4. The live weight of this pig does not seem to be more than 150 pounds. MOUNTAIN SHEEP Sheep raising is one of the most important branches of animal husbandry. Sheep are reared for two purposes: wool and mutton production. In sheep kept for mutton early maturity and quality of meat are known to be most important. Mutton is likely to be muchmore valuable than wool in Great Britain. The reverse is true for Australia, South Africa and other countries where the Merino is predominant. The necessary qualities common to all breeds of sheep are hardiness, prolificacy, milking capacity of ewes, activity and good wool characters. There are two main divisions of sheep in Great Britain which have to be carefully differentiated. They are mountain flocks and lowground flocks. The former are kept for breeding purposes only, the latter are kept for fattening as well as breeding. As to the hill sheep feeding it is considered to be the simplest and most natural method of sheep-rearing. The flock is very hardy and eats all kinds of moses and grasses growing on hills and these seem to be sufficient for the sheep. - 17 - Supplementary feeding is unlikely to take place in ordinary years, unless the ground is heavily covered with snow. Winter being very stormy, however, it becomes necessary to supply the sheep with hay during the period when the ground is covered. If only a thin layer of snow covers the ground most sheep seem to be able to find the feed, provided the surface la not frozen hard. Where hay cannot be supplied some sheep farmers provide the flock with maize and turnips. To improve the offspring only healthy, vigorous rams are chosen for breeding purposes. Pastures being good, little grain is fed to the rams. Concentrates are fed before the breeding time and during it to keep the rams in breeding condition during the mating campaign. Rams being in thin flesh, some linseed meal may be added to the grain part of their ration. Пояснения к тексту 1. the reverse is true - обратное явление характерно 2. milking capacity - молочность Запомните: 1. seem to - по-видимому, вероятно  is likely to - по-видимому, вероятно is unlikely to - вряд ли 2. the former - первый (из двух вышеназванных явлений или предметов) the latter- последний (второй) 3. much - I. много (перед существительным) 2. намного, значительно (перед прилагательным в сравнительной степени) - 18 - Активные слова и выражения to rear, wool, mutton, hardy, mountain flock, lowground flock, to choose (chose, chosen), ram, ewe, milking capacity, to improve, offspring, much, the former, the latter, hardiness IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на “seem, is likely, is unlikely”. 1. The period of weaning is likely to bevery important in a pig's life. 2. Newly-weaning pigs are unlikely to grow well with two feeds. 3. Pasture is likely to provide the necessary nutrients for pigs. 4. The amount of iron and copper which is in sow's milk is unlikely to be sufficient foryoung pigs. 5. A thin slop of milk, wheat middlings and oatmeal seems to be the best feed for 3or 4 week old pigs. 6. This pig does not seem to weigh 200 pounds. 7. The conditions in this piggery are unlikely to be sanitary. 8. This breed of sheep is likely to be very hardy. 9. Milking capacity is unlikely to be most important is sheep kept for wool. V. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях, переведите. 1. The main aim of rearing sheep in Great Britain is to produce mutton 2. The ram to be used for breeding purposes ought to bepure-bred. 3. Thisram isunlikely to produce a good offspring. 4. Creep feeding of young pigs and calves is known to be widely practiced in our region. 5. To wean pigs at the duetime is very important. 6. Our main task is to improve this breed of dairy cows. 7. The farmers want this beef breed to be improved. 8. Thorough cleaning and disinfection of the piggery are necessary to prevent infection. 9. For the weakest pig to develop normally it should be put in a warm place after birth. - 19 - VI. Определите время и залог сказуемого в следующих предложениях; переведите. 1. Sheep are kept for wool in our region. 2. Sheep have been kept here for 2 000 years. 3. Sheep are fed hay in winter. 4. Sheep are being fed now. 5. Sheep have been fed. 6. The sheepman feed the sheep with hay in winter. 7. If the winter is very stormy, the sheepman will feed the sheep with hay. 8. Sheep are supplied with turnips when hay is not available. 9. Last year the sheep were supplied with good-quality hay. VII. Определите функции слов с окончанием -ing в следующих предложениях; переведите. 1. Feeding hill sheep is a simple problem. 2. They keep the sheep for fattening. 3. The rearing of sheep is one of the main branches of animal husbandry. 4. The sow being prolific, the farmer may keep her up to 5 years or longer. 5. Weaning taking place 7 or 8 weeks after farrowing, the sow may farrow twice a year. 6. Using rotational grazing, farmers control diseases and parasites. 7. The bedding being short, the pigs may move freely. 8. Being weaned at the due time, the pigs will gain in weight rapidly. 9» Raising pigs on good pasture, we fatten them quickly. 10. A thin layer of snow covering the ground, the sheep will feed as usual. 11. Locating the feed some distance from the pen, we make the animals to take exercise. 12. Animals receiving balanced rations grow and develop well. VIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов. а) 1. Much water and salt should always be available for cattle. 2. The new sow is much more prolific than the old one. 3. Much wool has been obtained from each sheep in this flock. 4. Concentrates should be fed much more liberally, provided the ram is in thin flesh. - 20 - b) 1. Cattle are grouped into dairy cattle andbeef cattle. The former are widely raised in our region. The latter are raised in the South where pastures are used throughout the year. 2. Of these two methods the latter is the most effective. 3. We feed our sheep either maize or hay. The former is used, provided hay is not available. IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What are sheep reared for in England? 2. What is the main purpose of keeping sheep in Australia? 3. What are the two divisions of sheep in Great Britain? 4. Why is hill sheep feeding the simplest method of sheep-rearing? 5. When is it necessary to provide the sheep with hay or maize? 6. What kind of rams should be chosen for breeding purposes? 7. How should the rams be fed to be in breeding condition? X.Переведите на английский язык. а)овцематка, баран, выносливость, потомство, плодовитость, молочность, первый, шерсть, баранина, горные овцы, последний, низинные овцы, намного, выбирать, улучшать, отара б) I. Овцы дают шерсть и баранину. 2. Выносливость, плодовитость, молочность являются важными качествами овец. 3. В Англии имеется два вида овец: горные овцы и низинные овцы. Последних разводят на откорм. 4. Овцематки и бараны, выбираемые для случки, должны быть в хорошей заводской кондиции. в) I. В России имеется более 70 пород и породных групп овец; поэтому можно выбрать наиболее подходящую породу для каждой климатической зоны страны. 2. Задача овцеводов состоит в том, чтобы увеличить поголовье овец и повысить их продуктивность. 3.В организме овец накапливается много жира, благодаря этому минимальное количество корма и воды бывает достаточно им в трудные периоды летом и зимой. -21- 4. Мясная продуктивность и молочность овец вероятно во многом зависят от ранней отбивки ягнят от матерей. 5. В отличие от других сельскохозяйственных животных, овцы значительно лучше используют пастбищные и грубые корма. XI. Прочтите текст и изложите кратко его содержание по-английски (по-русски). Feeding Sheep in the USA Sheep are best adapted to the land that is high and dry. In general sheep rearing is not practised in regions where it is both too hot and too wet*. In feeding sheep succulent feeds and roughages as well as good pasture grasses and legume hay may be used in great amounts. Grazing land is usually divided into small plots by movable fencing. Rotational grazing of pastures helps to control diseases and parasites. As to grains corn is the main low-protein concentrate available in many parts of the United States. Some ether grains are also used in feeding sheep. Grain crops sown** is the fall provide pasture for sheep during late fall, winter and early spring, Wheat, barley and rye make good winter forage. Where good-quality legume hay is available high-protein concentrates are likely to be unnecessary. *  wet - сырой**sow - сеять - 22 - LESSOS 15 ТЕМА: Lowground sheep ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:
I. Слова и выражения для повторения. to manage, to produce, lamb, roughage, nutrient, amount, to increase, to decrease, depending on, birth, to eat, grass, solid, growth, succulent, available, as well, daily, a day, either ... or II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов. form, formal, formally, formation, historic, population, combination, contribution, canal, structure, sort LOWGROUND SHEEP Most lowground flocks are either kept for providing high-class breeding animals, chiefly rams, or they are managed so as to produce as many fat lambs as possible. Being fed good roughage during the early part of the pregnancy period, the pregnant ewes are supplied with the necessary nutrients to be in good condition. Placing the feed some distance from the pen the sheepmen make the ewes take exercise. For a period of 4 to 6 weeks before lambing grain is to be added to the ewe's ration. Whether the amount ofgrain to be fed should be increased is decided, depending on the ewe’s condition. Ewes are known to lamb in a lambing pen. Like the farrowing or calving pens the lambing pen should be cleaned, disinfected and ventilated before the ewe is put into it. The lambing pen should be dry and warm. -23- On the fat-lamb producing farms a creep feeding is commonly practised. Having been arranged on pasture, the creep allows the lambs to eat the best fresh grass while the ewes following them eat everything left by the lambs. Pastures are divided into several small paddocks by temporary fencing, each being grazed for 3 to 4 days. Then the sheep are moved to the next one. In this way the sheep are always eating fresh and clean grass. In addition to feeding on pasture lowground flocks are provided with concentrated rations in troughs. Having finished feeding the sheep, the sheepraiser turns the trough upside down and leaves it so until the next feeding comes. Hay is widely used in feeding the sheep as well. Silage is also fed but to a limited extent. Sheep grow better, when fed a concentrated ration twice daily. Young lambs should be fed three times a day. During dry weather in spring or early summer the ewes should be given as much water as they desire, for in this case the milk flow for the lambs will be maintained even though there be little or no growth of succulent grass available. Пояснения к тексту 1. so as to produce - так, чтобы производить 2. pregnancy period - суягность 3. pregnant ewe - суягная овца 4. upside down - вверх дном 5. even though - даже, если Запомните: whether - ли - 24 - Активные слова и выражения to lamb, trough, pregnant ewe, pregnancy period, lambing pen, whether III. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.
3. Lambing pens c. are fed in troughs. 4. Creeps are practised d. for breeding. 5. Pastures e. on fat-lamb producing farms.
IV. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод сложных форм причастия I. 1. Having chosen a pure-bred ram, the farmer achieved a great improvement in the offspring. 2. Being used sparingly, the ram will be vigorous and active for a long time. 3. Having been provided with good pasture, the lambs developed well. 4. Being allowed to run with the ewes all the time, the ram may serve up to 50 ewes a season. 5. Having been divided into paddocks, the pasture area was used properly. 6. Having divided the pasture into paddocks, the farmers used it properly. 7. Having grazed one paddock thoroughly the farmer moved the sheep to another one. 8. Being kept on pasture in summer, the sheep ought to bе provided with shade. 9. Having fed the sheep, the sheepman turned the troughs upside down. 10. Having been fed concentrates, sheep were turned out to pasture. V. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функции слов с окончанием - ing. 1. Keeping the ram away from the flock is a very good practice. - 25 - 2. Hand mating being practised, the ram may serve 50 to 75 ewes a season. 3. The farmers growing oats and legumes together obtain very good hay for sheep. 4. The best ration for pregnant ewes is clean, palatable roughage, a little grain and succulent feed being fed as well. 5. Having weaned the lambs, the breeders should give unpalatable feeds to the ewes in order to decrease the secretion of milk. 6. A mixture consisting of two parts of oats and one part of bran is a good feed for sheep. 7. Dividing the pasture into small paddocks by fencing, sheep raisers supply their sheep with clean and fresh grass during the grazing season. 8. Good succulent feeds increasing milk flow, the breeders should give them to ewes after lambing. 9. The adding of grain to the ewe's ration 4 or 6 weeks before lambing is necessary. 10. Having been supplied with enough ewes’ milk, the lambs were weaned at the age of 5 month. VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союз “whether”.
VII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
- 26 - 3. How do breeders make the pregnant ewes take exercise? 4. Is creep feeding often practised in raising lambs? 5. In which case will the sheep eat fresh and clean grass all the time? 6. What additional feeding are lowground sheep provided with? 7. How many times a day should the sheep be fed a concentrated feed? VIII. Переведите на английский язык. а) суягная овцематка, суягность, окот (ягнение), окотная клеть, кормушка, ли б) I. Находясь на пастбище, ягнята развиваются хорошо. 2. Отобрав племенных баранов, животновод улучшил свою отару. 3. Окотная клеть должна содержаться в надлежащем состоянии. 4. Суягных овец надо хорошо кормить. в) I. Интенсивный откорм овец увеличивает количество откармливаемых животных при одних и тех же кормовых ресурсах. 2. Новорожденные ягнята должны получать первое материнское молоко не позднее, чем через полчаса после рождения. 3. Чтобы получать большое количество ягнят, необходимо повышать упитанность овец перед случкой. 4. Чем больше молодняка в отаре, тем выше ее продуктивность, т.к. молодняк растет быстрее, чем взрослые животные. 5. Концентраты особенно полезны баранам-производителям, растущему молодняку и подсосным маткам. IX. Прочтите текст и выполните задание, данное после текста. Fattening Lambs Lambs in farm flocks should be fed well from birth. When lambs are suckling their mothers on good pasture, little or no grain is needed to the ewes. If pasture grasses are of low quality, creep feeding can be arranged on pasture or some grain mау be fed to the ewes to increase their milk production. - 27 - Lambs start to eat solid feeds at the age of two weeks or a little later. Half corn and half oats make a good mixture. Another suitable mixture consists of corn, oats, wheat bran and some protein supplement in proper proportion. For the first two weeks grain for lambs should be ground. The lambs being older than two weeks, grinding is unnecessary. If lambs are suckling their dams on good pasture, they can reach 80 to 90 lb. in weight in 4-5 months. The mutton at this stage is of the best quality. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
4. How many months are required for lambs to reach 80-90 lb. in weight? Повторение темы "SHEEP" I. Прочтите текст. Составьте план к тексту по-английски. Sheep Sheep are best adapted to the land that is high and dry, though they may be raised successfully on almost any land that is not too wet. Sheep raising is usually not practised in regions that have a combination of high temperatures and high rainfall*. To keep the sheep healthy, they should be moved from one grazing area to another. This practice requires fences to divide permanent pastures into several grazing areas. Movable fencing may be used to regulate grazing of forage crops. Sheep do not need grain ifgood pasture is available. *  rainfall - осадкиLegume hays should make up a large part of the ewes' winter ration. After the lambs are born grain may be fed to ewes and lambs to supplement available forage. A strong, healthy lamb needs little care. A weak lamb should be put into a warm place for about two hours after birth. The lamb should be returned to its mother as soon as* it is strong enough to nurse. If the lamb cannot nurse, bottle** feeding may be necessary. II. Прочтите текст и выполните задание, данное после текста. Feeding Pregnant Ewes During the early part of the pregnancy period plenty of good roughage provides sufficient nutrients, unless the ewes are unusually thin. Feed part of the roughages at a distance from the pen to make ewes take exercise. For a period of 4 to 6 weeks before lambing grain is to be added to the ration of the ewes. Feed the grain earlier if the ewes are thin. About 1/2 lb. of oats, corn or other grains or a mixture of grains is fed per ewe per day. If the roughage is of poor quality, feed some high-protein feed in addition to grain. Ewes that are kept on pasture in winter should have some roughages preferably legume hay in addition to pasturage in periods of poor grazing due to storms or poor grass. When legume hay isof poor quality or is not available, it may be well to feed a mineral mixture. Укажите, какие утверждения не соответствуют содержанию текста.
- 28 - *as soon as – как только **bottle - бутылка -29- с) When pastures are poor ewes are given some mineral mixture. III. Прочтите текст. Озаглавьте абзацы текста. Feeding the Ewe and her Lamb After lambing the ewe and her lambs are to be kept together in a special lambing pen for 2 to 4 days. At this time the ewe is fed legume hay and plenty of water is provided for her. After 2 or 3 days a small amount of grain is added. This is increased gradually to 1 pound per ewe per day. When ewes and their lambs are placed on pasture, no extra feeding of ewes is necessary, provided the pasture grass is good. IV. Прочтите текст. Ответьте по-русски на вопрос: Какой корм является основным для баранов? Feeding Rams Feed rams similarly to ewes, but allow larger amounts of roughages. Except for the breeding season, when some grain should be fed, the ration can consist of good-quality roughage. LESSON 16 ТЕМА: HORSES ГРАММАТИКА:
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