Учебнометодическое пособие по страноведению на английском языке для студентов очной и заочной форм обучения по специальности 071401 "Социальнокультурная деятельность"
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Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Алтайская государственная академия культуры и искусств" Кафедра иностранных языков ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК: АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК LONDON Учебно-методическое пособие по страноведению на английском языке для студентов очной и заочной форм обучения по специальности 071401 "Социально-культурная деятельность", 070209 "Режиссура театрализованных постановок и праздников", 071301 "Народное художественное творчество" Барнаул 2012 Утверждено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков .2012, протокол № Рекомендовано к изданию советом факультета информационных ресурсов и дизайна Иностранный язык: Английский язык: London. Учебно-методическое пособие по страноведению на английском языке для студентов очной и заочной форм обучения по специальности 071401 "Социально-культурная деятельноcть", 070209 "Режиссура театрализованных постановок и праздников", 071301 "Народное художественное творчество" / сост. М.С. Андрюхина; АлтГАКИ, кафедра иностранных языков. - Изд-во: АлтГАКИ, 2011. - 108 с. Учебно-методическое пособие по страноведению "London" на английском языке предназначено для студентов очной и заочной форм обучения по специальности 071401 "Социально-культурная деятельноcть", 070209 "Режиссура театрализованных постановок и праздников", 071301 "Народное художественное творчество". Целью этого пособия является ознакомление молодежи с основными аспектами жизни в Лондоне. Вокабуляр и аннотации к каждому разделу направлены на помощь студенту, как в понимании текстов, так и в выражении своих мыслей во время дискуссии. Упражнения своей последовательностью подготовят студента к достижению вышеупомянутой цели. Иллюстрационный материал позволит получить более глубокие знания о Лондоне. Составитель: канд. филол. наук, доцент М.С. Андрюхина Рецензент: канд. филол. наук, доцент каф. англ. филологии ЛИИН, БГПУ Е.П. Гилева @ Издательство АлтГАКИ, 2012 Contents Предисловие......................................................................................................... 4 Введение (Introduction)………………..……………………………………………..5 Defining London........................................................................................................... 6 History.................................................................................................................. 11 The City.....................................................................................................................18 The West End of London.....................................................................................31 The East End of London........................................................................................38 Architecture in London.........................................................................................45 The British Museum...................................................................................50 Nelson's Column......................................................................................... 58 Lloyd's Building...............................................................................................61 Parks, Gardens and Squares..................................................................................65 Politics and Economy........................................................................................... 74 Demographics........................................................................................................ 80 St. Paul's Cathedral......................................................................................81 Transport................................................................................................................90 Education.................................................................................................................... 91 Society and Culture.................................................................................................... 94 Culture of London.....................................................................................................100 Заключение……………………………………………………………………….. 107 Список литературы……………………………………………………………….108 Предисловие Данное пособие предназначено для студентов АлтГАКИ, изучающих английский язык и интересующихся наследием Великобритании. В основу составления учебно-методического пособия положены принципы лингвострановедения, т.е. такого направления в методике преподавания иностранных языков, когда изучение иностранного языка проводится одновременно с изучением культуры, причем культура преподносится так, как она представлена в фоновых знаниях ее носителей, в данном случае англичан. Целью этого пособия является ознакомление молодежи с основными аспектами жизни в Лондоне, представленными в логическом порядке, где по праву внимание уделяется географии, истории, культуре, экономике, политической и социальной жизни. Страноведение - это изучение человека и его окружающего мира. Когда мы изучаем людей, мы стараемся узнать что-то об их прошлом (история). Мы изучаем их окружение (география). Мы также изучаем их правительство (политические науки). Мы изучаем отношения, которые существуют между людьми (социология), и способы их существования (экономика). Многое из перечисленного включено в этот учебник. Более того, автор надеется, что данное пособие будет способствовать повышению интереса студентов к культуре страны изучаемого языка и поможет развить способности к самостоятельному обучению. Страноведение - это не столько запоминание событий, фактов и дат, сколько анализ и организация специфической информации по смысловым моделям. Вокабуляр и аннотации к каждому разделу направлены на помощь студенту, как в понимании текстов, так и в выражении своих мыслей во время дискуссии. Упражнения своей последовательностью подготовят студента к достижению вышеупомянутой цели. Иллюстрационный материал позволит получить более глубокие знания о Лондоне. При подготовке пособия были использованы различные источники лингвострановедческой информации. London  London is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. An important settlement for around two millennia, London is today one of the world's most important business and financial centres, and its involvement in politics, culture, education, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the key global cities. London is the most populous city and metropolitan area in the European Union. Its population is very cosmopolitan, drawing from a diverse range of peoples, cultures and religions, speaking over 300 different languages. Residents of London are referred to as Londoners. London is an international transport hub, with five international airports and a large port. It serves as the largest aviation hub in the world, and its principal airport, Heathrow, carries more international passengers than any other. London is a major tourist destination - counting iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Tower Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace and the London Eye amongst its many attractions, along with famous institutions such as the British Museum and the National Gallery. Samuel Johnson remarked that "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life". Defining LondonArea Today, "London" usually refers to the area known as Greater London which is coterminous with the London region of England. At the heart of the conurbation is the small, ancient City of London which was historically the entirety of the city. Londoners generally refer to the City of London simply as "the City" or the "Square Mile". London's metropolitan area grew considerably during the Victorian era and again during the Interwar period with expansion halted in the 1940s by World War II and Green Belt legislation and has been largely static since. The extent of the London postal district, Metropolitan Police District, local government area, London transport area, urban sprawl, coverage of the London telephone area code and metropolitan area have rarely been coterminous and are not currently. The area delimited by the orbital M25 motorway is sometimes used to define the "London area" and the Greater London boundary has been aligned to it in places. London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. Status The entire London urban area may be classed as a "city" using a geographical definition, but politically it is not so. Officially, London is a region containing two smaller cities within its built-up area: the City of London and the City of Westminster. Unlike most capital cities, London's status as the capital of the UK has never been granted or confirmed officially — by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the UK's unwritten constitution. Geography and climateGreater London covers an area of 609 square miles (1,579 km²), making it one of the world's largest cities by area. Its primary geographical feature is the Thames, a navigable river which crosses the city from the southwest to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills such as Parliament Hill and Primrose Hill. These hills presented no significant obstacle to the growth of London from its origins as a port on the north side of the river, and therefore London is roughly circular. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands. It has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding. The threat has increased over time due to a slow but continuous rise in high water level by the slow 'tilting' of Britain (up in the north and down in the south) caused by post-glacial rebound. In 1974, a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat, but a more substantial barrier further downstream may be necessary in the near future. London has a temperate climate with regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The warmest month is July, with an average temperature range at Greenwich of 13 °C to 22 °C (56 to 73.0 °F). The coolest month is January, averaging 2 °C to 7 °C (35 to 46 °F). Average annual precipitation is 583 mm(23 in), with February on average the driest month. Snow is uncommon, particularly because heat from the urban area can make London 5 °C (9 °F) hotter than the surrounding areas in winter. DistrictsLondon's vast urban area is often described using a large set of district names (e.g. Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Whitechapel). These are for the most part informal designations which have become commonplace through tradition, each referring to a neighbourhood with its own distinctive character, but no official boundaries (often overlapping). One area of London which does have a strict definition is the City of London (usually just called The City), the largest financial district and central business district (CBD) in Europe. The City has its own governance and boundaries, giving it a distinctive status as the only completely autonomous borough in London. London's other financial hub is the Docklands area in the east of the city, dominated by the Canary Wharf complex, whilst many other businesses locate in the City of Westminster which is the home of the UK's national government. The West End (or Theatreland) is London's main entertainment and shopping district, with locations such as Oxford Street, Leicester Square, Covent Garden and Piccadilly Circus acting as tourist magnets. The West London area is known for fashionable and expensive residential areas such as Notting Hill, Kensington and Chelsea — where properties sell on average for over £5,000,000. Meanwhile, the eastern side of London contains the East End — the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London. The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped, including areas along the Thames (the Thames Gateway) and up the Lower Lea Valley, which is being developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics. North London and South London are informal divisions of the capital made by the River Thames, although they can define varying areas. |