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Методические указания тексты для самостоятельной работы для студентов фдо I курса
Financial management consists of all those activities that are concerned with obtaining money and using it effectively. Effective financial management involves careful planning. It begins with a determination of the firm’s financial needs.
Money is needed to start a business. Then the income from sales could be used to finance the firm’s continuing operations and to provide a profit.
But sales revenue does not generally flow evenly. Income and expenses are high or income is low. Then, the need to purchase a new facility or expand an existing facility may require more money than is available within a firm. In these cases the firm must look for outside sources of financing. Usually it is short – or long-term financing.
1. Short-term financing is money that will be used for one year or less and then repaid.
There are many short-term financing needs. Two deserve special attention. First, certain necessary business practices may affect a firm’s cash flow and create a need for short-term financing.
Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of an organization. The ideal is to have sufficient money coming into firm, in any period, to cover the firm’s expenses during that period. But the ideal is not always achieved. For example, a firm that offers credit to its customers may find an imbalance in its cash flow. Such credit purchases are generally not paid until thirty or sixty days (or more) after the transaction. Short-term financing is then needed to pay the firm’s bills until customers have paid their bills. Unanticipated expenses may also cause a cash-flow problem.
A second major need for short-term financing that is related to a firm’s cash-flow problem is inventory.
Inventory requires considerable investment for most manufactures, wholesales, and retailers. Moreover, most goods are manufactured four to nine months before they are sold to the ultimate customer. As a result, manufacturers often need short-term financing. The borrowed money is used to buy materials and supplies, to pay wages and rent, and to cover inventory costs until the goods are sold. Then, the money is repaid out of sales revenue. Additionally, wholesalers and retailers may need short-term financing to build up their inventories before peak selling periods. Again, the money is repaid when the merchandise is sold.
2. Long-term financing is money that will be used for longer period than one year. Long-term financing is needed to start a new business. It is also needed for executing business expansion and mergers, for developing and marketing new products, and for replacing equipment that becomes obsolete or inefficient.
The amounts of long-term financing needed by large firms can be very great.
Answer the questions:
What skills must a manager develop for effective activity?
What is skills are very important for top managers and why?
Why must managers develop a decision-making ability?
What skill must a manager have to determine the most important problem of many other problems?
What skill is a decisive factor of a manager’s success and why?
What ability helps to understand the needs and motives of other people and to have good psychological atmosphere inside the organization?
Who has the closest connection with the production process: top managers or fist-line managers?
Do top managers need the knowledge of the technical sphere of the production?
Accounting
General definition of accounting
General
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Общий
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Account
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Счет
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Accounting
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(бухгалтерский) учет, ведение счетов
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Impossible
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Невозможный
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Manage
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Руководить, управлять
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Without
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Без
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Accurate
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Точный
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Lender
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Кредитор, заимодавец
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Stockholder
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Акционер
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Agency
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Ведомство, орган
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Rely (on)
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Полагаться (на)
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Statement
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Отчет
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Report
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Отчет, сообщать (о)
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Balance sheet
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Балансовый отчет, баланс
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Income statement
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Отчет о доходах
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Summary
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Обобщенный отчет, итоги
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Specific
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Конкретный
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Represent
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Представлять
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Perhaps
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Возможно
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Transaction
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Сделка, деловая операция
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Occur
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Происходить, иметь место
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Accounting period
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Отчетный период
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Needed
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Нужный
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Client
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Клиент
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Confuse
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Смешивать (в уме), путать
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Bookkeeping
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Счетоводство, ведение бухгалтерских книг, бухгалтерия
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Responsible
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Ответственный
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Record
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Записывать, вести учет
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Data
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Данные
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Process
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Обрабатывать
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User
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Пользователь
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Provide
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Обеспечивать
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Deal (with)
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Иметь отношение (к)
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Revenue
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Доход
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Accounts (debt) receivables
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Дебиторская задолженность ( долг, который следует получить компании), счета дебиторов, счета к получению
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Amount
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Сумма
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Borrow
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Занимать, брать взаймы
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Owe
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Быть должным
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Profit
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Выгода, прибыль
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Investment
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Инвестиция, инвестирование
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Return on investment
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Прибыль на инвестированный капитал
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And the like
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И тому подобное
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Compile
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Собирать
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Sales territory
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Территория продажи
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Store
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Магазин
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Individual salesperson
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Отдельный продавец
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Division
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Сектор
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Department
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Отдел
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Generally
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Вообще
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In any way
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В любой форме
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Set goals
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Ставить цели
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Control
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Контролировать, управлять
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Evaluate
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Оценивать
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Potential investor
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потенциальный инвестор
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Soundness
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Надежность
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Confirm
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Подтвердить
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Tax
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Налог
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Liability
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Пассив, задолженность
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Payroll
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Платежная ведомость (по зарплате)
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Deduction
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Удержание, вычеты
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Approve
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Утверждать, одобрять
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Issue
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Выпуск
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Stock
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Акции, ценные бумаги
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Bond
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Облигация
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Provide
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Предоставлять
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In the required form
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В требуемом виде
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The basis for the accounting process
Basis
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Основа
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Accounting equation
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Бухгалтерская сбалансированность (дебет и кредит)
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Relationship
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Соотношение
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Assets
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Активы, авуары,
актив баланса
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Own
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Владеть
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Item of value
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Материальные ценности
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Owner
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Владелец, собственник
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Debt
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Долг
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Obligation
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Обязанность, обязательство
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Owner’s equity
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Собственный (уставной) акционерный капитал
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Pay off
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Расплачиваться (с)
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Term
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Здесь понятие, значение
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Sole
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Единоличный
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Proprietorship
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Право собственности
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Partnership
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Партнерство, товарищество
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Share
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Доля
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Report
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Сообщать
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Is referred (to)
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Называться
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Stockholder’s equity
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Доля акционера
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Retained earning
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Нераспределенная прибыль
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Accumulate
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Накапливать(ся)
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To date
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К определенному времени
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Move
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Переставлять
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Above
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Вышеуказанный
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Algebraically
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Алгебраически
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Obtain
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Получать
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A balance sheet
Statement
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Отчет
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Summary
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Сводка, краткое изложение
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Particular
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Конкретный
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Various
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Различный
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Enter
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Входить
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Demonstrate
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Показывать
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Indeed
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Действительно
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Balance
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Уравновешиваться
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That is
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То есть
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Prepare
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Готовить
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At least
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По крайней мере
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Once
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Один раз
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Semiannually
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Раз в полгода
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Quarterly
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Ежеквартально
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|
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