Unit 1Жулкевская. Unit physical activity and sports in the society

economic possibilities education

productivity manufacture indirectly

entertainment competition institution

Ex.3. Learn the key words and word combinations to the topic “Physical activity and sport in the society”. Translate the sentences.

1.	activity (-ies) n		занятие, активность, деятельность
	physical activity		физические упражнения, занятия физкультурой
2.	society n		общество
	primitive	society	первобытное
	sport		спортивное	общество
	classless		бесклассовое

3.	impact n				влияние, воздействие
	syn. influence
	tremendous			impact	огромное	влияние, воздействие
	strong				сильное
e.g.	Physical activity and sport have had and continue to have a tremendous impact on the society and its members.
4.	capacity n				способность
	working capacity				работоспособность, производительность
5.	adolescent n				юноша, девушка, подросток
6.	compulsory a				обязательный
	compulsory		subject		обязательный		предмет
			programme				программа
7.	support v				поддерживать
	support n				поддержка
e.g.	Physical activity and sport support economic initiative.
8.	prevent v				предотвращать
	prevent	disease			предотвращать		болезнь
		early retirement					ранний выход на пенсию
9.	profit n				прибыль
	yield profit				приносить прибыль
	profitable a				прибыльный
10.	savings n				сбережения
11.	equipment n				оборудование
12.	service n				услуга
13.	promote v				продвигать, содействовать, способствовать
14.	expenses n				расходы
	decrease expenses				сокращать расходы
15.	procurement n				приобретение
16.	tax n				налог
	income			tax	подоходный налог
	purchase				налог с продаж
e.g.	Citizens’ participation in physical activity creates significant funds in the form of income taxes and purchase taxes.
17.	relate v				иметь отношение, относиться
18.	manufacture n				производство
19.	entertainment n				развлечение
e.g.	Sports provide entertainment for people throughout the world.
20.	broadcasting n				трансляция, вещание
21.	mould v				формировать, воспитывать
22.	accustom v				приучать
23.	lifestyle n				образ жизни
	syn. way of life
e.g.	Participation in sport helps people become accustomed to an active and healthy lifestyle.
24.	rapprochement n				сближение (между государствами)

Step 2. Reading Practice.
Task 1. Read the text for detail and find the answers to the questions:

1. 
   What influence do physical activity and sport have on the economy, working capacity and health?
   
2. 
   What are the primary sources of finance for physical activity and sport?
   
3. 
   Is participation of citizens in physical activities profitable for the society?
   
4. 
   What influence does sport have on everything people do?
   

Text 1A

Physical Activity and Sport in the Society

Physical activity and sport have always had and continue to have a tremendous impact on the society and its members. They influence the economy, health, working and functional capacities, harmonious development of children and adolescents and are also necessary for the defence of the nation. As a result physical education has become a compulsory subject for all types of schools.

Physical activity and sports help mould a person, make people accustomed to an active and healthy lifestyle. And these are not the only reasons why the government spends much money on promoting and supporting physical activity and sports participation, building proper facilities, and providing school physical education.

Physical activity and sport support the economy and initiative. They create jobs and prevent diseases and early retirement. Supporting physical activity is profitable for the state as active participation of population in it annually produces billions in savings. When citizens invest in physical activity, they buy special equipment, clothing and services, they travel with their favourite teams and follow sports events through mass communication. Regular participation in physical activity significantly decreases sickness expenses and prevents early retirement due to illness and improves productivity. In addition citizens’ participation in physical activity creates significant funds in the form of income and purchase taxes.

Many people are employed in jobs related to sport and physical activity: in the manufacture and sales of sports equipment and cloth, teaching physical education, administering physical activity, sports complexes, communication media, and research and health institutes, travel, accommodation and health care.

Physical activity and sports constitute an essential part of the world’s culture and it’s almost impossible to quantify what influence sport has on everything people do. People talk about sports. They discuss sports like politics, entertainment and even religion. People who love sports get together to watch sports. For instance, watching football and hockey matches is very popular.

Sports provide entertainment for people throughout the world. Large crowds attend sporting events, millions of sports fans follow their favourite teams and athletes by listening to live broadcastings of games on the radio or watching sports competitions on television.

Sports have often been used as an instrument of national policy in the world arena promoting country’s interests and improving its image. Performing the noble mission of safeguarding peace, sports play a great role in politics by strengthening international friendship and cooperation.

The Olympic Games and international competitions make a significant contribution to the promotion of mutual understanding and trust among nations. When meeting at competitions athletes learn to respect and better understand each other, and this in turn, leads to a rapprochement of the nations which these young men and women represent.
Post-reading exercises

Ex.1. Replace the following Russian words and word combinations by their English equivalents from the above text:

физическая культура и спорт, влияние, способность, развитие, юноши, гармоничное развитие личности, защита страны, физическое воспитание, обязательный предмет, предотвращать болезни, делать инвестиции, организации и предприятия, оборудование, услуги, спортивные базы, налоги, производство, медицинское обслуживание, развлечение, спортивные мероприятия, болельщик, прямые трансляции, воспитывать, здоровый образ жизни.
Ex.2. Fill in the gaps with the words from the word box below and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Physical activity and sport have tremendous ………on the ………and its members.

2. They influence the ……… , ……… , working and functional ……….

3. They play a major role in the ……… development of ……….

4. They are necessary for the ………of the nation.

5. Physical education became a ………subject for all types of schools.

6. The participation of citizens in physical activities is ………for the society.

7. Physical activity and sport are an essential part of the world’s ……….

8. Sport has influence on everything ………do.

9. People discuss sports like ……… , ………and even ……… .

10. Participation in sport helps people become accustomed to an active and healthy ……….
culture society lifestyle harmonious capacities person entertainment defence compulsory politics impact people religion health profitable economy
Ex.3. Complete the following statements. Choose one of the alternatives and translate the sentences:

1.	Physical activity and sport support ………. initiative.	personal
		economic
		political
2.	Physical education has become a compulsory subject for ……….	secondary schools
		institutes
		all types of schools
3.	Active participation of the population annually produces ………in savings.	hundreds
		thousands
		billions
4.	The participation of citizens in physical activity is ………for society.	unprofitable
		profitable
5.	Regular participation in physical activity ……… sickness expenses.	increases
		decreases
		develops
6.	Regular participation in physical activity ……… early retirement due to illness.	causes
		leads to
		prevents
7.	Sport has ……. on everything people do.	little influence
		great influence
		no influence
8.	People often ………about sports.	forget
		talk
		joke
9.	Sports provide entertainment for people ……….	in separate countries
		in Europe
		throughout the world

Ex.4. Translate the following text paying attention to the forms of the verbs.

The greatest English romantic poet Byron loved to swim more than anything else. While studying at Cambridge he dived five metres into the water and picked up objects from the bottom. He had only written a few ballads and waiting for his poetry acclamation he tried to reach fame as a swimmer. Several times a day he swam across the Thames.

At his castle in Newstead Byron built the first indoor swimming pool in the British Isles. It was in the castle’s cellars and the poet swam for hours without tiring.

Byron wrote: “I am an excellent swimmer, a decent rider and was sufficient of fencing – particularly of the broadsward”.

Byron twice tried to swim across the Dardanelles strait.
Remember:

dive прыгать в воду, нырять

pick up собирать (поднимать)

bottom дно

acclamation признание

castle зáмок

cellar подвал

tiring усталость

decent хороший

sufficient умелый

fencing фехтование

broadsward широкий меч.
Ex.5. Look through Text 1A and find nouns made from verbs by adding -ment, -ion, -ation, -ition.
Ex.6. Write down the extensive answers to the following questions to produce the topic “Physical activity and sport in the society”.
1. What impact do physical activity and sports have on the society?

2. How do physical activity and sport influence the development of children and adolescents?

3. Is physical education a compulsory subject for all types of schools?

4. How do physical activity and sport support the economy?

5. How does the government further and maintain the possibilities for physical activity and sports participation?

6. Where is citizens’ participation in physical activities profitable?

7. What influence does sport have on everything people do?

8. Do physical activity and sports constitute an essential part of the world’s culture?

9. Do sports provide entertainment for people?

10. Do physical activity and sports mould a person?

11. What role do physical activity and sport play in your life?
Task 2. Check if these words and word combinations are known to you. If not, try to memorize them:
promoter n промоутер

degenerative process дегенеративный процесс

human body организм человека

endurance n выносливость

cycling n велоспорт

beneficial a полезный

disorder n нарушение, растройство

heart n сердце

hypertensive disorders n нарушение артериального давления

strength exercises силовые упражнения

mobility exercises двигательные упражнения

musculoskeletal a костно-мышечный

premature a преждевременный (ранний)

jog n бег трусцой

physical working ability физическая работоспособность

suitable a подходящий

oxygen uptake потребление кислорода

be susceptible быть подверженным

hypodynamia n гиподинамия

neglect v игнорировать

cite v ссылаться

brace n ортопедический аппарат, фиксирующая скоба
Task 3. Read Text 1B to know the role physical activity and sport play in the human life.

Text 1B

Physical Activity and Sports in the Human Life
The significance of physical activity and sport as a promoter of health was recognized very early. They make contribution to the battle against disease and degenerative processes in the human body.

Regular physical exercise performed in accordance with well defined rules can greatly improve the functioning of various body systems. Sometimes they are more effective than medicine.

Training, especially endurance training (running, cross-country skiing, swimming, cycling) has direct beneficial effect on the heart. The heart works more efficiently and is less stressed. Long-term endurance training of moderate intensity has a beneficial effect on various forms of hypertension and hypertensive disorders.

Regular strength and mobility exercises are also beneficial to health, especially to musculoskeletal system. They can prevent the premature appearance of postural defects.

According to the investigation, 78 of 1,000 men over 35 years of age are saved from coronary heart disease if they jog regularly five times a weak during a period of 30 minutes. In addition a total of 1,138 days of quality lifetime is gained.

If maintaining functional capacity could prevent 100 persons of working age from early retiring, society would have saved 10-20 million US dollars.

After people reach 45 years of age, they can lose 25per cent of their physical working ability in five years, or they can increase it by 25per cent in a few years if they exercise regularly in a suitable type of physical activity.

If older people improve their oxygen uptake by 20 per cent, they are able to live on their own eight to nine years longer. In addition older people who are in good condition are able to live independently almost until death.

Today man and women of the most diverse occupations are susceptible to hypodinamia, the disease of the age. Numerous studies make it clear that the only way to overcome hypodynamia is by training the body, by daily physical recreation or sport. Whoever neglects, this will very soon experience the symptoms of hypodynamia: first, barely noticeable functional disturbances¹ (weight gain, rapid tiring, headaches, unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart²), then shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart occasioned by insignificant physical strain, and, finally, irreversible changes in the body³.

Physical activity and sport occupy a special place in rehabilitation programmes.

We can cite many cases in which physical activity and sport restored health and returned people to a full and active life.

For Wilma Rudolph (USA), the struggle for life began as a premature baby. She was 2.2kg at birth. Her childhood was difficult. She was one of eighteen brothers and sisters in a very poor family. After a series of illnesses she lost the use of her left leg. She had to wear a leg brace and was unable to walk. Wilma had spirit and determination and when she got a little older her brace was replaced with a special medical shoe. Wilma continued to walk and walk and walk, faster and faster. At the age of 11, to her mother’s amazement, she threw away her brace and her special shoe to play basketball. By 16 she was not only a star in basketball, but also in track. At the 1960 Olympics she was the star winning gold medals in the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay races. Until her death in 1993, Wilma continued to tell students about how physical activity and sport had helped her become a happy married woman, mother and successful business person.

Physical activity and sport play the decisive role in all-sided and harmonious development of a person. The surest way to keep fit is to go in for sport all the life.

Notes:

¹ functional disturbance – функциональное нарушение;

² weight gain, rapid tiring, headaches, unpleasant sensations in the region of the heart – излишний вес, быстрая утомляемость, головные боли, неприятные ощущения в области сердца;

³ shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart occasioned by insignificant physical strain, and, finally, irreversible changes in the body – одышка, сердцебиение даже при незначительных нагрузках, и, в коечном итоге, необратимые изменения в организме.
Post-reading exercises

Ex.1. Find in the text the paragraphs describing:

• 
  the contribution of physical activity and sport to the battle against disease;
  
• 
  the beneficial effect training has on the heart;
  
• 
  the beneficial effect long-term endurance training has on various forms of hypertension;
  
• 
  the beneficial effect of strength and mobility exercises;
  
• 
  the life the older people in good physical condition are able to live;
  
• 
  the effect of physical activity and sport in rehabilitation programmes.
  

Ex.2. Choose any two paragraphs from the text 1B and translate them into Russian in written form.
Ex.3. Write questions to the following answers:

1. 
   The significance of physical activity and sport as a promoter of health is great.
   
2. 
   Sometimes physical activity and sport are more effective than medicine.
   
3. 
   Strength and mobility exercises prevent the premature appearance of postural defects.
   
4. 
   Endurance training has direct beneficial effect on the heart.
   
5. 
   Training methods occupy a special place in rehabilitation programmes.
   

Ex.4. Read the statements below and agree to them saying “That’s right” or disagree saying “That’s wrong” and correct the mistakes.
1. Regular physical exercises are sometimes more effective than medicine.

2. Regular physical exercise performed in accordance with well defined rules cannot greatly improve the functioning of various body systems.

3. Hypodynamia is the desease of the age.

4. For Wilma Rudolf, the struggle for life began at the age of ten.

5. After a series of illnesses she lost the use of her right leg.

6. She had to wear a leg brace but was able to walk.

7. At the age 12 she threw away her brace and shoe to play volleyball.

8. By 16 she was not only a star in basketball, but also in track.

9. At the 1960 Olympics she won silver medals.

10. Wilma Rudolph died in 1995.
Ex.5. Write your comments on the role of physical activity and sport in the human life.
Task 4. Learn the following medical terms you will come across in Text 1C.

body n torso n limb n forehead n eyebrow n eyelash n cheek n lip n chin n neck n chest n shoulder n blade n waist n hip n thigh n calf n knee n shin n heel n sole n instep n ball n toe n upper arm n elbow n forearm n wrist n joint n palm n finger n cell n brain n tissue n lung n abdomen n stomach n kidney n urinary bladder gland n skull n spinal cord rib n ligament n tendon n contract v sprain v ankle n skin n

тело, организм туловище конечность лоб бровь ресница щека губа подбородок шея грудь плечо лопатка талия бедро, поясница бедро икра колено голень пятка подошва подъем подушечка пальца палец (на ноге) плечо локоть предплечье запястье сустав ладонь палец на руке клетка мозг ткань легкое живот желудок почка мочевой пузырь железа череп спинной мозг ребро связка сухожилия сокращать растянуть лодыжка кожа

Task 5. Skim Text 1C to understand how the human body is built. Time your reading. It is good if you can read it for ten minutes (70 words per minute).
Text 1 С
Human Body
Physical education teachers and coaches need to know how the human body is built. The human body can perform amazing acts of strength and grace.

People sometimes call the human body a machine – the most wonderful one ever built. Of course, the human body is not a machine. But it can be compared to one in many ways. Like a machine, the body is made up of many parts. The main parts of it are a head, a torso and limbs.

The forehead, eyes, eyelashes, nose, mouth, cheeks and chin make the face. We see with eyes and hear with ears.

The neck joins the head to the torso.

The main parts of the torso are the chest, the shoulders, the blades, the back, the waist and hips. The leg consists of a thigh, a calf, a knee, a shin and a foot. The foot in its turn consists of a heel, a sole, an instep, a ball and toes.

The arm consists of an upper arm, an elbow, a forearm and a hand. The wrist is the joint which unites the arm with the hand.

The hand consists of a palm, a back of the hand and five fingers.

Each part of the body, like each part of a machine, does special jobs. But all the parts work together and so make the body or the machine run smoothly. Also like a machine, the body needs energy to work. In such a machine as a car, the energy comes from petrol. In the body, it comes from food and oxygen.

Although the human body can be compared to a machine, it is far more amazing than any machine. It can do things that no machine can do. For example, the body can grow. The body starts out as one cell. In time, this tiny cell develops into a body consisting of trillions of cells.

The most remarkable part of the human body is the brain. The human brain is so highly developed that it makes people different from all other living things. Their magnificent brain makes people able to think.

Each kind of cell has special features and jobs. Cells of the same type form tissues. The body has four chief kinds of tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.

A human has organs. Every organ consists of two or more kinds of tissues joined into one structure that has a certain task.

The skin is the largest outer organ of the body. If the skin of a 68-kilogram person was spread out flat, it would cover about 2 square metres.

The main human internal organs are: a heart, lungs, a stomach, kidneys, a urinary bladder, glands.

Groups of organs form organ systems. Each organ system carries out a major activity in the body. The skeleton forms a strong framework that supports the body. It also helps protect the internal organs. For example, the brain is shielded by the skull, the spinal cord by the spinal column, and the heart and lungs by the ribs. The skeleton system includes more then 200 bones.

The skeleton works together with the muscles in enabling the body to move.

Ligaments and tendons consist of connective tissue. Ligaments connect one bone to another. Tendons connect a muscle to a bone. When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls the bone to which it is attached.

Every part of human body and organ has its own duty which it performs without difficulty as long as the human takes care of his (her) health.

If we are not careful enough we may sprain an ankle, pull a muscle, break an arm or a leg, etc.
Post-reading exercises

Ex.1. Continue the list of the main parts of:

human body: head, …

face: eyes, …

torso: chest, …

leg: foot, …

arm: elbow, …

hand: finger, …
Ex.2. Match the name of the organ on the left with its duty on the right.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.	skin brain heart lungs stomach kidneys urinary bladder	1.	makes people able to think
		2.	is a powerful pump
		3.	are organs of breathing
		4.	covers the human body
		5.	removes various wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body
		6.	produces an acid and enzyme that break down much of the food
		7.	is a hollow storage organ

Ex.3. How much of the picture can you label without looking at the list of words.

рис.


Ex.4. Find 30 parts of the human body in the following chart (horizontally, vertically or diagonally).

C

F

O

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T

Z

M

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abdomen ankle arm body cheek chest chin ear elbow eyebrow

eyes face finger foot forehead hand hip heel lip nose

palm rib shoulder skin thigh tissue toe torso wrist waist

H

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A

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L

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B

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J

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C

H

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K

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K

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Y

D

S

Ex.5. Complete in written form the statements with information corresponding to the contents of the text:

1. 
   Physical education teachers and coaches need to know … .
   
2. 
   People sometimes call the human body … .
   
3. 
   Like a machine the body is made up … .
   
4. 
   The main parts of the body are made up … .
   
5. 
   The main parts of the torso are … .
   
6. 
   The leg consists of … .
   
7. 
   The foot consists of … .
   
8. 
   The arm consists of … .
   
9. 
   The hand consists of … .
   
10. 
    The most remarkable part of the human body is … .
    
11. 
    A human has … .
    
12. 
    The skin is the largest outer … .
    
13. 
    The main human internal organs are … .
    
14. 
    The skeleton forms a strong framework … .
    
15. 
    Ligaments connect … .
    
16. 
    Tendons connect … .
    
17. 
    Every part of human body and organ has its own … .
    
18. 
    If we are not careful enough we may … .
    

Ex.6. Look through the text once more and write why it is necessary for physical education teachers and coaches to know how the human body is built.
Task 2. Check if these words and word combinations from Text 1D are known to you. If not, try to memorize them.

compulsory a competition n syllabus n master v fundamentals n extracurricular sports group student of extra-mural education syn. correspondent student study by correspondence lecture schedule tutorial n estimate students’ knowledge course paper examination session take exams credit test

обязательный соревнование учебный план совершенствовать основы внеклассные спортивная секция студент заочной формы обучения учиться заочно расписание лекций консультация оценивать уровень знаний студента курсовая работа экзаменационная сессия сдавать экзамены зачет

Task 3. Read Text 1D to find answers to the questions given before the paragraph.

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