учебник_правка. Theoretical grammar as a brunch of linguistics
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STATIVESYMANTIC FEATURES OF THE STATIVE The stative denotes a temporary state of a person or a non-person. Unlike such classes of words as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs the number of statives functioning in English is limited. There are about 30 stable statives, used both in colloquial and in formal style and about 100 unstable ones, which are seldom used even in formal style and never in colloquial. Semantically statives fall into five groups describing various states of persons or non-persons (Fig. 88).  Fig. 88 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STATIVE From the point of view of their morphological composition the class of statives is homogeneous, that is all of them have a special marker, the prefix a-. As regards their structure, statives with the marker a- fall into two groups: those that can be divided into morphemes (the prefix a- and the stem of a noun, a verb, or an adjective), and those that cannot be divided because the part following a- does not correspond to any noun, verb, or adjective stem (Fig. 89). SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE STATIVE Statives may have three functions in a sentence: that of predicative in a compound nominal or a double predicate (the most common function), that of objective predicative, or occasionally that of attribute (Fig. 90). When used in the function of predicative statives describe the state of the person or non-person denoted by the subject and are connected with the subject by means of a link verb or in some cases by a notional verb.  Fig. 89  Fig. 90 When they have the function of objective predicative, statives describe the state of the person or non-person denoted by the object. Although the function of attribute is not characteristic of statives, some of them may have this function (either detached or undetached attributes). Statives as undetached attributes are always postmodifying. When used as detached attributes, statives may be either post- or premodifying. The part-of-speech interpretation of the statives is not shared by all linguists working in the domain of English, and has found both its proponents and opponents. If we compare semantic, morphological and syntactic characteristics of the stative and the adjective, we can find both different and similar features (Table 15). Table 15 The Adjective and the Stative
Thus, the analysis shows that statives, though forming a unified set of words, do not constitute a separate lexemic class existing in language. They should be looked upon as a subclass within the general class of adjectives. ADVERBSEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE ADVERBThe adverb is usually defined as a word expressing either property of an action, or property of another property, or circumstances in which an action occurs. The whole class of adverbs is divided into nominal and pronominal. The nominal adverbs are subdivided into qualitative and orientative. Qualitative adverbs include genuine qualitative adverbs and degree adverbs, orientative adverbs fall into temporal and local adverbs, with further possible subdivisions of more detailed specifications (Fig. 91).  Fig. 91 Qualitative adverbs express immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities. The typical adverbs of this kind are qualitative adverbs in -ly. The adverbs interpreted as “quantitative” include words of degree. These are specific lexical units of semi-functional nature expressing quality measure, or gradational evaluation of qualities. They may be subdivided into several very clearly pronounced sets (Fig. 92).  Fig. 92  Fig. 93 Orientive adverbs include two basic sets: first, adverbs of time; second, adverbs of place. The two varieties express a general idea of temporal and spatial orientation and essentially perform deictic (indicative) functions in the broader sense. The functional circumstantial adverbs are words of pronominal nature. They include quantitative (numerical) adverbs and circumstantial adverbs of time, place, manner, cause, consequence (Fig. 93). |
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