Культура
Искусство
Языки
Языкознание
Вычислительная техника
Информатика
Финансы
Экономика
Биология
Сельское хозяйство
Психология
Ветеринария
Медицина
Юриспруденция
Право
Физика
История
Экология
Промышленность
Энергетика
Этика
Связь
Автоматика
Математика
Электротехника
Философия
Религия
Логика
Химия
Социология
Политология
Геология
|
учебник_правка. Theoretical grammar as a brunch of linguistics
Part of speech – a class of words distinguished by a particular set of lexico-grammatical features.
Participle – a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features, serving as the qualifying-processual name.
Particle – a functional part of speech which actualizes limiting and specifying meanings.
Passive voice indicates that the action is directed towards the subject. Here the subject expresses a person or non-person who or which is the receiver of the action.
Person – the category that expresses the relation of the action and its doer to the speaker, showing whether the action is performed by the speaker (the 1st person), someone addressed by the speaker (the 2nd person) or someone/something other than the speaker or the person addressed (the 3rd person).
Personal verb – a verb which agrees with a subject denoting the doer of the action.
Personal uncomplementive verbs – uncomplementive verbs normally referring to the real subject of the denoted process (which subject may be either an actual human being, or a non-human being, or else an inanimate substance or an abstract notion)
Phoneme – the smallest constituent of a word having no meaning but fulfilling the function of differentiating morphemes.
Phonological system – the subfoundation of language; it determines the material (phonetical) appearance of its significative units.
Phrase – a compound signemic unit made up of words and denoting a complex phenomenon of reality analysable into its component elements together with various relations between them.
Phraseme – a combination of two or more words as a representative of the corresponding language level phrase, word- group, word-grouping, syntactic syntagma.
Pluralia Tantum nouns – nouns having only the plural form.
Predicate – the second main part of the sentence and its organizing centre, as the object and nearly all adverbial modifiers are connected with, and dependent on, it; a process-modifier of the subject-person.
Predication – the act of referring the nominative content of the sentence to reality (M. Blokh).
Predicative complementive verbs – link-verbs.
Prefix – a term in word-formation for an affix added at the beginning of a word or base to form a new word.
Primary word – a chief word defined by another word (O. Espersen).
Primary predication – predication expressed in a sentence which has as its predicate a finite form of the verb.
Privative opposition – an opposition based on the principle of presence/absence in its counter-members of one and the same feature.
Proposeme – a language unit expressing a thought.
Processual verbs – verbs expressing neither actions, nor states, but “processes”.
Qualitative adjectives – adjectives that denote properties of a substance directly.
Qualitative adverbs – adverbs expressing immediate, inherently non-graded qualities of actions and other qualities.
Quantitative adverbs – words of degree.
Quaternary opposition – an opposition consisting of four counter-members.
“Reciprocal” voice – a kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subjects in the subject group on one another.
“Reflexive” voice – a kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subject upon itself.
Relational verbs – verbs expressing different relations.
Relative adjectives – adjectives that describe properties of a substance through some relation.
“Repetition” plural – a specific plural form of the noun which acquires a pronounced stylistic marking due to the repetition of the noun in the singular.
Replacive morpheme – a morpheme built up on the basis of root (or vowel) interchange; usually a root vowel that replaces another in a categorial form.
Retrospective coordination – establishing relation between the given action and some prior action or moment
Root – the element left after all affixes have been removed from a complex word, carrying the basic lexical meaning of the word.
Secondary predication – predication expressed by potentially predicative complexes with non-finite forms of the verb and verbal nouns
Segmental morpheme – a morpheme made up by phonemes.
Semantic criterion (meaning) – the evaluation of the generalised meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech.
Semi-bound morphemes – morphemes that look like words but behave like inflexional morphemes.
Semi-complex sentence – a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of subordination.
Semi-composite sentence – a sentence with more than one predicative lines which are expressed in fusion.
Semi-compound sentence – a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination.
Semi-notional words – words which have a complete nominative meaning but fulfil syntactic functions typical of functional words.
Semi-predicative construction – a construction made up by a non-finite form of the verb and a substantive.
Sentence – the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose.
Singularia Tantum nouns – nouns having only the singular form.
Speech proper – the result of using the language, the result of a definite act of speaking.
Statal verbs – verbs denoting the state of their subject; they either give the subject the characteristic of the inactive recipient of some outward activity, or else express the mode of its existence.
“Specificative” adjectives – adjectives that only point out corresponding native property of the substance referent.
Stative – a part of speech that denotes a temporary state of a person or a non-person.
“Strong” (“marked”, “positive”) member of the opposition – the member in which the differential feature is present.
Subject – one of the two main parts of the sentence; a person-modifier of the predicate.
Subjunct – a tertiary word in a junction (O. Espersen).
Subordination – syntagmatic relations of dependence; a way of linking grammatical elements that makes one of them dependent upon the other (or they are mutually dependent).
Suffix – an affix added at the end of a word, base or root to form a new word or form of the word.
Suppletivity – the formation of word-forms from different roots.
Supra-segmental morphemes – such morphemes as intonation contours, accents, pauses (in distributional terms).
Syntactic meaning – the way in which separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences.
Syntactic form – the distributional formula of the unit (pattern).
Syntactic function – the function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit.
Syntactic position – the position of an element.
Syntactic relations are syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units.
Synchronic – referring to a certain stage in the development of a phenomenon; coexistent.
Syntagma (syntactic) – a word-group consisting of two or more notional elements.
Syntagmatic – connected on a linear basis.
Syntagmatic relations – immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string).
Syntax – a brunch of grammar that deals with the rules governing combination of words in sentences (and texts in modern linguistics).
Synthetical grammatical forms – forms that are realised by the inner morphemic composition of the word.
System – a structured set of elements connected by a common function.
Tense – a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time, the category that expresses the relationship between the time of the action and the time of speaking.
Ternary opposition – an opposition consisting of three counter-members.
Topicalization – 1. process whereby knowledge of certain things/individuals is “foregrounded”, i.e. taken from long-term memory stores to some working memory, in which the established information may be combined with the incoming new information (T.A. van Dijk); 2.the formation of the informative content of text (M. Blokh).
Transformation – transition from one syntactic pattern to another syntactic pattern with the preservation of its notional parts
Transitivity – the ability of a verb to take a direct object.
Transitive verbs – verbs capable of taking a direct object.
Transposition – the use of a language element in the contextual conditions typical of its oppositional counter-member by which it fulfils two functions simultaneously.
Uncomplementive verbs – verbs that do not require any complements.
Unextended sentence – a sentence that contains two main positions of the basic pattern, that of the subject and the predicate.
Unlimitive verbs – verbs presenting a process as not limited by any border point.
Valency – the ability of a language unit to take an adjunct, potential combinability of a language unit.
Verbals – non-finite forms of the verb; the forms of the verb intermediary in many of their lexico-grammatical features between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech.
Verbal sentences – those in which the principal part is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a gerund.
Verbs of double aspective nature verbs that are capable of expressing either a “terminative” or “non-terminative” (“durative”) meaning depending on the context.
Voice – the grammatical category of the verb showing the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.
“Weak” (“unmarked”, “negative”) member of the opposition – the member in which the differential feature is absent.
REFFERENCES
Ахманова О.С. Современные синтаксические теории / О.С. Ахманова, Г.Б. Микаэлян. – М., 1963.
Бархударов Л.С. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка / Л.С. Бархударов. – М., 1975.
Бархударов Л. С. Грамматика английского языка / Л.С. Бархударов, Д.А. Штелинг. – М., 1973.
Блох М.Я. Вопросы изучения грамматического строя языка / М.Я. Блох. – М., 1976.
Блох M.Я. Teopeтические основы грамматики / М.Я. Блох. – М.. 2000.
Бурлакова В.В. Основы структуры словосочетания в современном английском языке / В.В. Бурлакова. – Л., 1975.
Воронцова Г.Я. Очерки по грамматике английского языка / Г.Я. Воронцова. – М., 1960.
Гуревич В.B. Teopeтическая грамматика английского языка / В.B. Гуревич. – M., 2001.
Иванова И. Я. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка / И.П. Иванова, В.В. Бурлакова, Г.Г. Почепцов. – М., 1981.
Ившин В.Д. Синтаксис речи современного английского языка / В.Д. Ившин. – Ростов н/Д, 2002.
Корнеева Е.А. Пособие по морфологии современного английского языка / Е.А. Корнеева, Я.А. Кобрина, К.А. Гузеева, М.И. Оссовская. – М. 1974.
Кошевая И.Г. Грамматический строй современного английского языка / И.Г. Кошевая. – М., 1978.
Кубрякова Е.С. Части речи в ономасиологическом освещении / Е.С. Кубрякова. – М., 1986.
Смирницкий А.И. Синтаксис английского языка / А.И. Смирницкий. – М., 1957.
Смирницкий А.И. Морфология английского языка / А.И. Смирницкий. – М., 1959.
Coccюр Ф. де. Tpyды по языкознанию / Ф. де Coccюр. – M., 1977.
Тер-Минасова С.Г. Словосочетание в научно-лингвистическом и дидактическом аспектах / С.Г. Тер-Минасова. – М.,1981.
Штеллинг Д.А. Грамматическая семантика английского языка. Фактор человека в языке / Д.А. Штеллинг. – М., 1996.
Хлебникова И. Б. Оппозиции в морфологии / И.Б. Хлебникова. – М., 1969.
Blokh M. Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M.Y. Blokh. – M., 2000.
Blokh M. Y. Theoretical English Grammar. Seminars / M.Y. Blokh. – M., 2004.
Burchfield R. The English Language / R. Burchfield. – London, 1985.
Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English / B.A. Ilyish. – L., 1971.
Jespeson O. The Philosophy of grammar / O. Jespeson. – London, 1924.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Данное учебно-практическое пособие адресовано всем, кто изучает теоретическую грамматику и преподает ее. Материал изложен в соответствии с учебной программой по курсу «Теоретическая грамматика английского языка». Данное пособие знакомит студентов с грамматическим строем изучаемого языка, раскрывает существующие проблемы в области морфологии и синтаксиса (проблемы частей речи, их классификации, грамматические категории частей речи, проблемы, связанные со словосочетанием, предложением).
Главная задача, которую ставила перед собой автор, – максимально облегчить усвоение учебного материала курса теоретической грамматики английского языка. Практика показывает, что данный предмет вызывает у студентов значительные трудности, особенно на начальном этапе и во время подготовки к экзамену.
Нетрадиционный способ организации ученого материала в предлагаемом пособии, на взгляд автора, позволяет преодолеть многие трудности при усвоении материала. Мы стремились построить пособие таким образом, чтобы к нему можно было обращаться на любой стадии учебного процесса. Структура пособия призвана минимизировать затраты времени и сил при подготовке к лекционным и практическим занятиям, к зачету или экзамену.
В пособии изложены основные понятия и категории теоретической грамматики английского языка, представление о которых должно помочь студентам в более полном и всестороннем анализе грамматических явлений. Глубинный комплексный анализ поможет подлинному пониманию как теоретической, так и практической грамматики английского языка, отучит студентов от шаблонного мышления и заучивания материала, научит самостоятельно мыслить, проводить анализ различных грамматических явлений с целью извлечения наиболее полной информации об их грамматическом значении и функциях, выбирать наиболее оптимальную методику анализа, доказательно излагать свою позицию.
Базовые понятия теоретической грамматики собраны в кратком словаре лингвистических терминов. Отношения между ними, принципы их выделения и классификации представлены в виде таблиц и схем, которые позволяют не только быстро усвоить, но и легко запомнить и воспроизвести материал. Безусловно, такой способ подачи материала заставляет упрощать или опускать те или иные особо сложные вопросы, однако без ущерба для понимания основ теоретической грамматики.
|
|
|
Скачать 1.44 Mb.
