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VI. Найдите в тексте и новой лексике синонимы к следующим терминам unemployed, work, benefit, children’s allowance, medical benefit, social service benefits, unemployment benefit. VII. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения treatment for illness; pensions, poverty; a welfare state; poor housing.
VIII. Выберите те предложения, с утверждениями которых вы согласны и переведите их на русский язык
IX. Закончите предложения, выбрав вариант по смыслу
X. Ответьте на вопросы
XI. Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык. Выпишите из данного текста термины социальной работы ТЕКСТ B FUNDING OF SOCIAL SERVICES The general principle in most countries which provide social services is that all employed people hand over part of their income to central fund which finances the services anyone might need. An example is the National Insurance Scheme in Britain, under which people pay a certain fixed sum every week out of their wages. Then, if a person is unemployed or too ill to work, he may draw back from the central fund certain benefits. These are weekly cash payments which will cover the most basic needs for the unemployed persons and their dependent family. When the persons reach retiring age, they are entitled to draw a pension from the central fund. Another way in which people contribute to a central fund is through taxation. A proportion of tax money is reserved for cash benefits to needy people. Other money isprovided by charity organizations. There are many other social services in which help is given not in money but in the form of amenities, or facilities, or personal advice or care. For example, some children, for a variety of reasons, cannot enjoy a normal life in their own homes. They may need to be placed in foster homes or in residential establishments for children, often only for short periods. Special care is also needed by the mentally ill, the severely handicapped, and the old, who can no longer fend for themselves. These services are called «personal» because they offer help in terms of the special needs of certain individuals. The needs of physically handicapped people, for example, vary greatly from one person to the next, and so they have to be assessed individually. Another reason for the title «personal» is that the help is often given by another person. Someone in distress needs advice, guidance, sympathy, understanding, and reassurance. If you can imagine yourself suddenly blinded in an accident, you can understand that you will need a lot more than a weekly payment from the government. You will need advice about education, possible employment, about Braille, and about how to manage your affairs. A person with the skill and understanding to help who works in the appropriate social services department is usually called a social worker. Help in various emergencies is also provided by volunteer charity workers. XII. Напишите аннотацию к тексту ТЕКСТ С SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SOCIAL WORK School trains social pedagogues, social workers, volunteers in healing people, giving professional assistance to them, self-assistance, trains young social pedagogues to organise social and charity activities, to take care affer eldery people and disabled children. School for teaching adults comprises different forms of educational assistance to adults, provides adults with different applied and knowledge. Bureau of public services includes children’s and adults unions, they offer services in psychology, pedagogy, medicine, information, education, charity, social sphere, law and ceremonies. Popular festivals – village festivals are organized taking into account traditions of folk culture and local customs. Complex of small enterprises, organization of family cooperation, small enterprises, home labor, school cooperatives, agricultural schools, workshops for traditional handicrafts aimed at restoring traditional popular arts and trades, creation of additional working positions for community members, particularly for young people, women, elder people and invalids. The project of the Neverov community center of social pedagogy and social work called «revival of Russian ecclesiatory» envisages a development of a new complex service of social assistance to public, it is at the Neverov Center. It was organized by the authorities of Nepekhtsk district of Kostroma region on the territory of Voskresensk village council. Pedagogues, cultural workers, medical workers, social pedagogues and workers of the district are involved by the Center. It works with children and youth, families with many children and unhappy families, single and elder people, invalids and refugees. The Center services 860 people of the community. The work is headed by the director and his 3 deputies. Two family pedagogues, two pedagogues – organisers of cultural leisure, one social worker are on the Center's staff. The major trend in the work with people are physical culture and sports, development of popular traditions, agricultural creative and technical labor. An important aspect of village life is farm labor. It is one of the stability factors of each family and community on the whole. Center's staff encourages joint work of children and adults on their private lots (every family has a rather large farm, collective village activities on making the life more comfortable and planting trees and shrubs; children’s efforts to grow and store vegetables for school canteen, children's farms for sealing greenery, decorative and fruit plants, their desire to decorate their homes and lots with flowers, development of gathering and production. The center organisms joint children’s and adults’ leisure. On the basis of school and culture clubs different sections for children and adults are working. There are sections of decorative arts, sewing, knitting, photography. The school has an art school for children with music and arts departments. Working days of villagers are made happier with art exhibitions and auctions of exhibits. The center has become a heart of restoring Russian traditions. Such ceremonies as farewell to Russian winter, Sfirovetide, village festivals, competitions of accordion players and chastooshka singers have become traditional. Old wedding ceremonies are being revived now. There are also new traditions: a festival of the first furrow and sheaf, celebrations for war and labor veterans, days of senior citizens, parties celebrating joining the Army. Both children and adults are involved by social pedagogues in all kinds of recreations. Social pedagogues also teach parents to celebrate family holidays. There is a course for young social pedagogues, it is taken by children who are good at social and pedagogic activities. The center offers psychological, pedagogical, medical consultations ) to villagers. UNIT 4 Poverty I. Прочитайте и выучите новые термины и терминологические сочетания applicant – заявитель, проситель conditions – условия living conditions – жилищные условия income – доход lack – нехватка, недостаток; нужда level – уровень level of living – уровень жизни poverty level – прожиточный минимум subsistence level – прожиточный минимум line – черта бедности bread line – раздача беднякам продуктов питания (низкого качества или с истекшим сроком хранения) crisis hot line – горячая линия hot line – горячая линия poverty line – прожиточный минимум needs – потребности poor – бедный poverty – бедность, нищета absolute poverty – абсолютная бедность primary poverty – первичная бедность relative poverty – относительная бедность secondary poverty – вторичная бедность scheme – схема comprehensive social security schemes – схемы социального страхования starvation – голод, недоедание subsistence – существование, жизнь threat – угроза well-being – благополучие, благосостояние II. Установите соответствия между терминами социальной работы на русском и английском языках a)
b)
III. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова и переведите их на русский язык
IV. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему ТЕКСТ A Poverty There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which is capable to describe exactly when somebody is poor. There has been an evolution in the description of poverty. In these definitions, it is shown that poverty is not only lack of money to buy food, but is also related to living conditions, well-being, health, and possibilities to change the personal situation. Poverty can be defined in different ways. Every definition leads to different outcomes, to a different group of people, which can be considered as poor and, in relation to this, to different policy measures and a different amount of costs needed to solve the problem of poverty. Poverty exists for many centuries, but the content of the notion differs from country to country and from time to time. There is a difference in poverty in Western Europe and Eastern Europe. There is also a difference in the meaning of poverty in Western Europe in the last century and today. Last century poverty mostly meant that a part of the population had to struggle for life and did not have enough money to buy food: poverty was an absolute notion. Nowadays most of the Western European countries have comprehensive social security schemes, which cover the whole population. Almost everybody has a basic income and in some countries this income is rather high. In those countries therefore poverty cannot longer be seen as a threat of daily life. There, poverty means that a part of population has arrears in relation to the average population: poverty is a relative notion. Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative or secondary poverty. «Absolute poverty» refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life. «Relative poverty» is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty by referring to the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society. An absolute poverty line is a kind of fixed amount. An absolute poverty line is not meant to change with the standard of living in society. People are defined as «poor» if their income is below the line and when some absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied. V. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим терминам
VI. Найдите в тексте и новой лексике синонимы к следующим терминам pauper; absolute poverty; relative poverty; hot line. VII. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения poverty; relative poverty an absolute poverty line; primary poverty; poor. 1. … does not change with the standard of living in society. 2. People are … if some of their absolute needs are not sufficiently satisfied. 3. … demonstrates the cultural needs of individuals and families within the context of the rest of society. 4. … exists for many centuries and can be defined in different ways. 5. … refers to a lack of the basic requirements to sustain physical life. VIII. Выберите те предложения, с утверждениями которых вы согласны и переведите их на русский язык 1. There is no objective and unique definition of poverty, which demonstrates exactly when somebody is poor. 2. An absolute poverty line means a kind of fixed amount. 3. People are defined as «poor» when they can not sufficiently satisfy some of their absolute needs. 4. Most discussions distinguish between absolute or primary poverty and relative or secondary poverty. 5. «Secondary poverty» is used to demonstrate the inadequacy of definitions of absolute or primary poverty. IX. Соотнесите термины из текста с соответствующими дефинициями
X. Ответьте на вопросы
XI. Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык. Выпишите из данного текста термины социальной работы ТЕКСТ B Social assistance Social assistance is based on need and thus requires declarations of income, family size, and other circumstances. It is provided on the basis of a means test that takes into account not only income but also capital; persons with a specific level of saving may be ineligible. Alternatively it may be only income-tested, the income from capital being assessed in the same way as other income. Often those who have been given the task of operating the scheme (social workers) have been allowed considerable discretion in deciding whether to give assistance and how much to give in certain types of cases. In other countries social assistance plays a considerable role in supplementing social insurance benefits for those without other sources of income such as sick pay or employers pension schemes as well as providing for those without rights to benefits or those whose benefits have run out because they are paid only for a specific number of months (unemployment benefits). Partly because of this problem of stigma, social assistance programs are called by a variety of different names in the hope that they will be more acceptable to applicants. For example, the term used is supplementary benefit in the United Kingdom and GAIN (guaranteed income) in British Columbia. Rules of social assistance differ considerably from country to country and are usually determined locally rather than centrally. In the United Kingdom, where rules are determined centrally persons in full-time work are not eligible. In the United States only households headed by a single parent are eligible. The United States used what is essentially the social assistance approach for meeting the medical care needs of low – income persons under the Medicaid program. XII. Напишите аннотацию к тексту ТЕКСТ С LARGE FAMILIES AS OBJECT OF SOCIAL WORK The problem addressed in this research project is one of extreme urgency. It is a long time since we have proclaimed public care for large families without any actual care being provided. In fact, both the children and their parents have often been left to cope with extremely complicated pedagogical, psycological and economic problems unaided. Of course, the Perm model for providing social aid to large families can neither exhaust all available possibilities nor solve all problems. However, the basic ideas and the objective itself are so urgent that they could serve as the foundation for the development of a Russian version of social work with regard to large families. The current demographical situation in Russia's major cities (Moscow, Leningrad) dictates that any family with three children can be considered as large. They are entitled to some benefits. However, this inconclusive kind of measures fall short of improving the demographic situation at large. It is a real catastrophy. Last year, the number of deaths exceeded that of births by 187,000 for the first time since WWII. In the main, the situation comes a result of reckless government policies with regard to the family in general and large families in particular., The policies have been much acclaimed, large family mothers being awarded all sorts of orders and medals. However, the idea of a large family have inexorably been going down in public opinion. And it comes as no surprise for every fourth large family is a problem household. I myself had a full experience of problems facing a large family when, having had my third child, I started working as a social pedagogue with the local social security committee. My colleagues and I had to face a number of practical aspects of helping large families. The problem was how to make it easier for the parents to provide several children with clothing, footwear, food and upbringing. To answer all these questions, we had to study large families in order to identify their typical features, needs and requirements. It was even more difficult because there are virtually no specialist books available on the subject. XIII. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «Poverty» (10-15 предложений). UNIT 5 CHILDREN I. Прочитайте и выучите новые термины и терминологические сочетания abandonment – оставление ребенка child pl. – children ребенок adultified children – дети, несущие обязанности, характерные для взрослых людей exceptional children – «исключительные» дети, т.е. с отклонениями от нормы в ту или иную сторону gifted child – одаренный ребенок home alone children – безнадзорные дети latchkey children – дети, проводящие часть дня без присмотра взрослых runaway children – дети-беглецы stolen children – украденные дети thrownaway children – беспризорные дети unwanted child – нежеланный ребенок care – забота, попечение nursing care – уход за детьми divorce – развод hospital – 1. больница; 2. госпиталь; 3. приют foundling hospital – приют для подкидышей limitation – ограничения orphanage – детский дом parent – родитель legal custodial parent – родитель, с которым после расторжения брака остаются несовершеннолетние дети supervision – надзор youngster – несовершеннолетний II. Установите соответствия между терминами социальной работы на русском и английском языках
III. Прочитайте следующие интернациональные слова и переведите их на русский язык
IV. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания к нему ТЕКСТ A CHILDREN Children are youngsters who are under the legal age of responsibility or emancipation. In most states this age is 18 years. Social workers deal with children having different problems. There are some groups of children who need care and supervision of specialists. These are runaway children, exceptional children, adultified children, stolen children, latchkey children, home alone children, thrownaway children and many others. A runaway child is a minor who has departed the home of his or her parents or legal guardians contrary to their wishes and who intends to remain independent of their control. The federal government maintains a National Runaway Hotline to help these youngsters and possibly reunite them with their parents. «Exceptional children» is a designation applied to dependent youngsters who, because of unusual mental, physical, or social abilities or limitations, require extraordinary forms of education, social experience, or treatment. These children include mentally retarded youngsters who can benefit from educational training facilities designed to help them reach their potential. Other such children may be those with physical disabilities and deformities, mental disorders, special talents, very high intelligence, or unusual physical abilities. A youth who, because of family relationship patterns, psychopathology, or socioeconomic circumstances, is compelled to assume roles and responsibilities normally reserved for older people, is called an adultified child. An example is a child who is a primary caregiver for younger siblings as well as meal preparer, housekeeper, and major emotional supporter for a single, working parent. Stolen children are youths who have been abducted from the legal custodial parent by the other parent, usually after a divorce and loss of customer. Latchkey child is a youngster who comes home from school to spend part of the day unsupervised because the parents are still at work. All above mentioned groups of children can be considered as clients of social workers. V. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты к следующим терминам
VI. Найдите в тексте и новой лексике синонимы к следующим терминам children; latchkey children; thrownaway children. VII. Закончите предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения adultified child; control; clients; facilities; divorce.
VIII. Выберите те предложения, с утверждениями которых вы согласны и переведите их на русский язык
IX. Соотнесите термины из текста с соответствующими дефинициями
X. Ответьте на вопросы
XI. Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык. Выпишите из данного текста термины социальной работы ТЕКСТ B CHURCH Care for widows and orphans From the beginning the Christian congregation cared for the poor, the sick, widows, and orphans. Widows formed a special group in the congregations and were asked to help with nursing care and other congregational tasks as long as they did not need help and care themselves. The church had founded orphanages during the 4th century, and the monasteries took over this task during the Middle Ages. They also fought against the practice of abandoning unwanted children and established foundling hospitals. In this area, as in others, a secularization of church institutions took place in connection with the spreading autonomy of the cities. In the Reformed churches the establishment of orphanages was furthered systematically. In Holland almost every congregation had its own orphanage, which was sustained through the gifts of the members. Following the great wars of the 17th century, the orphanages were reorganized pedagogically, notably by August Hermann Francke, who connected the orphanage in Glaucha, Germany, which he had founded, with a modern system of secondary schools. Francke’s orphanage became a model that was frequently imitated in England and also in North America. An exemplary proponent of comprehensive Christian caring and curing for the whole person and community was the Alsatian Lutheran pastor Johann Friedrich Oberlin (1740-1826). Responsible for a remote and barren area in the Vosges Mountains, Oberlin transformed the impoverished villages into prosperous communities. He led in establishing schools, roads, bridges, banks, stores, agricultural societies (with the introduction of potato cultivation), and industries. His nursery schools were imitated in many areas through «Oberlin Societies». These efforts provided a significant contribution to the development of modern welfare, which in the 20th century is mainly the responsibility of state, communal, or humanitarian organizations but is still characterized strongly by its Christian roots. XII. Напишите аннотацию к тексту ТЕКСТ С CHILD ABUSE There are four types of child abuse. They are defined as: – Physical: An injury or pattern of injuries that happen to a child that are not accidental. These injuries may include beatings, burns, bruises, bites, welts, strangulation, broken bones or death. – Neglect: Neglect occurs when adults responsible for the well being of a child fail to provide for the child. Neglect may include not giving food, clothing, shelter, failure to keep children clean, lack of supervision and withholding medical care. – Emotional: Any chronic and persistent act by an adult that endangers the mental health or emotional development of a child including rejection, ignoring, terrorizing, corrupting, constant criticism, menace remarks, insults, and giving little or no love, guidance and support. – Sexual: Sexual abuse is the sexual assault or sexual exploitation of children. Sexual abuse may consist of numerous acts over a long period of time or a single incident. Children can be victimized from infancy through adolescence. The perpetrator keeps the child from disclosing through intimidation, threats and rewards. In the United States between 1:3 and 1:4 females are sexually abused as children. At least 1:7 to 1:10 males have been sexually assaulted before they reach the age of 18. In 80 % of the sexual abuse cases the child knows the offender and in 50 % of all cases, the offender is a member of the child's household. Abuse crosses all socio-economic backgrounds. In cases reported in Massachusetts and California the greatest number of cases are those of neglect, followed by cases of physical abuse, with sexual abuse cases ranking third and finally emotional abuse. Two million cases of child abuse are reported each year and of these reported cases, two thousand of the children die. Child abuse has serious consequences, which may remain as indelible pain throughout the victim's lifetime. The violence and negligence of parents and caretakers serve as a model for children as they grow up. The child victims of today, without protection and treatment, may become the child abusers of tomorrow. As with any social issue, child abuse is a problem for the entire community. Achieving the goals of protective services requires the coordination of many resources. Each professional group and agency involved with a family assumes responsibility for specific elements of the Child Protective Service (CPS) process. The Department of Human Services works closely with physicians, nurses, educators, mental health practitioners, law enforcement agencies, and the judiciary. These parties are involved in the identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of cases of child maltreatment. Protective services are provided by the Department of Human Services to abused and neglected children and their families without regard to income. Special rehabilitative services for prevention and treatment of child abuse are provided by D.H.S. and other community resources to children and families such as: homemaker services, parenting classes, respite day care, foster care, financial assistance, psychological and psychiatric services, and sexual abuse treatment. 13. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «Children» (10-15 предложений). UNIT 6 |